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- 3491418.3530773 description "ABSTRACT The Slingshot interconnect designed by HPE/Cray is becoming more relevant in High-Performance Computing with its deployment on the upcoming exascale systems. In particular, it is the interconnect empowering the first exascale and highest-ranked supercomputer in the world, Frontier. It offers various features such as adaptive routing, congestion control, and isolated workloads. The deployment of newer interconnects raises questions about performance, scalability, and any potential bottlenecks as they are a critical element contributing to the scalability across nodes on these systems. In this paper, we will delve into the challenges the slingshot interconnect poses with current state-of-the-art MPI libraries. In particular, we look at the scalability performance when using slingshot across nodes. We present a comprehensive evaluation using various MPI and communication libraries including Cray MPICH, OpenMPI + UCX, RCCL, and MVAPICH2-GDR on GPUs on the Spock system, an early access cluster deployed with Slingshot and AMD MI100 GPUs, to emulate the Frontier system." assertion.
- 364-CHEP23_Paper_ApptainerWithoutSuid.pdf description "Abstract. Apptainer (formerly known as Singularity) since its beginning implemented many of its container features with the assistance of a setuid- root program. It still supports that mode, but as of version 1.1.0 it no longer uses setuid by default. This is feasible because it now can mount squashfs filesystems, ext3 filesystems, and overlay filesystems using unprivileged user namespaces and FUSE. It also now enables unprivileged users to build containers, even without requiring system administrators to configure /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid unlike other “rootless” container systems. As a result, all the unprivileged functions can be used nested inside of another container, even if the container runtime prevents any elevated privileges. As of version 1.2.0 Apptainer also supports completely unprivileged encryption of Singularity Image Format (SIF) container files. Performance with a particularly challenging HEP benchmark using the FUSE-based mounts both with and without encryption is essentially identical to the previous methods that required elevated privileges to use the Linux kernel-based counterparts." assertion.
- 8950983 description "Abstract: Linux Containers with the build-once run-anywhere principle have gained huge attention in the research community where portability and reproducibility are key concerns. Unlike virtual machines (VMs), containers run the underlying host OS kernel. The container filesystem can include all necessary non-default prerequisites to run the container application at unaltered performance. For this reason, containers are popular in HPC for use with parallel/MPI applications. Some use cases include also abstraction layers, e.g. MPI applications require matching of MPI version between the host and the container, and/or GPU applications require the underlying GPU drivers to be installed within the container filesystem. In short, containers can only abstract what is above the OS kernel, not below. Consequently, portability is not completely granted. This paper presents the experience of PRACE (Partnership for Advanced Computer in Europe) in supporting Singularity containers on HPC clusters and provides notes about possible approaches for deploying MPI applications using different use cases. Performance comparison between bare metal and container executions are also provided, showing a negligible overhead in the container execution." assertion.
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